The EV Route

Evidence map

Consumption: what the evidence base looks like

13 publications, 0 of them trials and 0 syntheses. This page describes the shape of that literature rather than summarising its conclusions.

Updated 4 min read 13 citations

Two electric cars, a hatchback and a saloon, parked side by side outdoors in Norway
Norway reached majority-electric new car sales earlier than anywhere else. Norsk Elbilforening · CC BY 2.5 · Wikimedia Commons
What the evidence on consumption is made of Of 13 publications on this topic, the breakdown by study type: 13 other. 13other (13)
13 publications, by study type. Volume is not strength — the same count can be a settled question or a pile of commentary, and which one it is depends almost entirely on this breakdown. Harvested from PubMed and Crossref; publication type as recorded by the source.

What this literature is made of

A reasonable volume of literature, but weighted towards reviews and observational work rather than trials. That is enough to describe a phenomenon and rarely enough to establish that an intervention works.

The distinction that matters most is between synthesis and primary research. A meta-analysis pools trials and is the closest thing to a settled answer a field produces. A narrative review is one group's reading of the same material and can be selective without being dishonest. Counting them together, which most citation counts do, obscures exactly the thing you want to know.

When the consumption literature was published Publication years for the 13 papers on this topic, grouped into bands from before 2015 through to 2023 onwards. 2015-20196 papers2023 onwards4 papers2020-20222 papersBefore 20151 papers
Still active. The most recent paper here is from 2026, so this is a field where an answer written today may not hold for long. Publication years as recorded by PubMed and Crossref.

How this page is built

Everything above is computed from the citations this site harvested from PubMed and Crossref, not written by hand. When the weekly harvest finds a new paper on this topic, these counts change and the characterisation changes with them. That is the point: a hand-written claim about how strong an evidence base is starts decaying the day it is written.

Publication type is taken as the source records it. That is imperfect — journals label inconsistently, and a paper indexed as a "review" may be a systematic one — so treat the bands as approximate. They are accurate enough to distinguish a trial literature from a commentary literature, which is the distinction that matters.

Labelled chemical bottles standing together on a laboratory bench
564dude · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons

The strongest work on this topic

Ordered by study design first, then recency. The full set is listed in the references below.

  1. Effect of Ambient Temperature on Electric Vehicles’ Energy Consumption and Range: Model Definition and Sensitivity Analysis Based on Nissan Leaf Data — Iora P, Tribioli L, 2019, journal article
  2. Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption Modelling and Prediction Based on Road Information — Wang J, Besselink I, Nijmeijer H, 2015, journal article
  3. Real‑World Energy Consumption Comparison Between a Diesel Vehicle and a Battery‑Electric Vehicle — Fike M, Predin A, Roger A, 2026, journal article
  4. Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption Using Real-World Field Data — R.Vishnuvardhan, T BanuChandar, 2026, journal article
  5. Research on Energy Management Strategy for Range-Extended Electric Vehicles Based on Eco-Driving Speed — Liu H, Yang K, Sun W et al., 2025, journal article
  6. Energy Cost Analysis and Operational Range Prediction Based on Medium- and Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicle Real-World Deployments across the United States — Qiu Y, Dobbelaere C, Song S, 2023, journal article
  7. Real Driving Range in Electric Vehicles: Influence on Fuel Consumption and Carbon Emissions — Armenta-Déu C, Cattin E, 2021, journal article
  8. Research on Establishment of Vehicle Energy Distribution Model and Energy Consumption Optimization Based on Electric Hybrid System — Liang P, He H, Cui H et al., 2021, journal article
  9. Development of Hybrid Vehicle Energy Consumption Model for Transportation Applications—Part II: Traction Force-Speed Based Energy Consumption Modeling — Pitanuwat S, Aoki H, IIzuka S et al., 2019, journal article
  10. Online Prediction of Battery Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption — Wang J, Besselink I, Nijmeijer H, 2016, journal article
How much research is there on consumption?
13 publications are indexed here, of which 0 are trials and 0 are syntheses.
Does more research mean a stronger conclusion?
No. Composition matters more than volume — five randomised trials support a claim far better than fifty commentaries, and citation counts do not distinguish between them.
How current is this?
The most recent paper indexed here is from 2026. The set is refreshed weekly from PubMed and Crossref.
Why does this page not tell me the answer?
Because summarising a literature into a conclusion requires reading it, and doing that automatically is how confident nonsense gets published. This page tells you how much weight a conclusion could bear; the articles on this site do the interpreting.

References

Every citation below links to the original peer-reviewed record on PubMed or via DOI. Nothing here is a substitute for medical advice.

  1. Effect of Ambient Temperature on Electric Vehicles’ Energy Consumption and Range: Model Definition and Sensitivity Analysis Based on Nissan Leaf Data Iora P, Tribioli L · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2019 · Journal article DOI
  2. Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption Modelling and Prediction Based on Road Information Wang J, Besselink I, Nijmeijer H · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2015 · Journal article DOI
  3. Real‑World Energy Consumption Comparison Between a Diesel Vehicle and a Battery‑Electric Vehicle Fike M, Predin A, Roger A · Renewable Energies, Environment and Power Quality Journal · 2026 · Journal article DOI
  4. Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption Using Real-World Field Data R.Vishnuvardhan, T BanuChandar · Research Digest on Engineering Management and Social Innovations · 2026 · Journal article DOI
  5. Research on Energy Management Strategy for Range-Extended Electric Vehicles Based on Eco-Driving Speed Liu H, Yang K, Sun W, et al. · Applied Sciences · 2025 · Journal article DOI
  6. Energy Cost Analysis and Operational Range Prediction Based on Medium- and Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicle Real-World Deployments across the United States Qiu Y, Dobbelaere C, Song S · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2023 · Journal article DOI
  7. Real Driving Range in Electric Vehicles: Influence on Fuel Consumption and Carbon Emissions Armenta-Déu C, Cattin E · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2021 · Journal article DOI
  8. Research on Establishment of Vehicle Energy Distribution Model and Energy Consumption Optimization Based on Electric Hybrid System Liang P, He H, Cui H, et al. · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2021 · Journal article DOI
  9. Development of Hybrid Vehicle Energy Consumption Model for Transportation Applications—Part II: Traction Force-Speed Based Energy Consumption Modeling Pitanuwat S, Aoki H, IIzuka S, et al. · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2019 · Journal article DOI
  10. Online Prediction of Battery Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption Wang J, Besselink I, Nijmeijer H · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2016 · Journal article DOI
  11. RETRACTED: Chevrolet Volt On-Road Test Programs in Canada Part 1: Effects of Drive Cycle, Ambient Temperature and Accessory Usage on Energy Consumption and Electric Range Loiselle-Lapointe A, Conde A, Ribberink H · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2015 · Journal article DOI
  12. Improvement on Driving Comfort and Energy Consumption of Electric Vehicle through Throttle Signal Control Zhang K, Weigl J · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2015 · Journal article DOI
  13. Energy Consumption Prediction of a Vehicle along a User-Specified Real-World Trip Karbowski D, Pagerit S, Calkins A · World Electric Vehicle Journal · 2012 · Journal article DOI